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Why the Private Sector Hasn’t Been Able to Fulfil Its 25% COVID Vaccine Quota

Why the Private Sector Hasn’t Been Able to Fulfil Its 25% COVID Vaccine Quota

People receive the first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine at a vaccination centre in Mumbai, May 3, 2021. Photo: Reuters/Niharika Kulkarni


  • Data up to August 17, 2021 shows that out of a 25% quota, private hospitals took delivery of only 9.5% of vaccines.
  • The purchasing power of people and in turn their demand for paid vaccination affects the number of doses private hospitals will be able to use.
  • It was unrealistic for the government to assume that there will be sufficient demand for such expensive vaccines after the pandemic resulted in huge income and job losses.

Vaccination for COVID-19 began in India on January 16, 2021. As of September 11, 73 crore doses have been administered. This is despite several changes in policy since the beginning of the vaccination programme.

In the first phase, health workers, police and paramilitary forces, sanitation workers and disaster management volunteers were eligible to receive vaccines. From March 1, 2021 all residents over 60 years and people between the ages of 45 and 60 with one or more comorbidity became eligible.

At government hospitals, till March 31, 2021, vaccines were available without any payment to everyone falling in the above categories. At private hospitals, one had to pay Rs 250 for one dose.

From April 1, 2021 those above 45 also became eligible to take the vaccine.

Till now, the Union government was procuring all the vaccines from vaccine producers and it was supplying the vaccines to both government and private hospitals.

In a major change of policy from May 1, 2021, vaccination was opened to people in the age group of 18 to 44 but now the Union was to obtain only 50% of vaccines produced in India. These were to be provided to people above 45 free of cost. State governments and private providers could procure the balance 50% of production but they were required to pay the price fixed by the vaccine manufacturer. Covishield was priced at Rs 150 per dose for the Union government, Rs 400 a dose for state governments and Rs 600 per dose for private hospitals. Covaxin was priced at Rs 150 a dose for the Union, Rs 600 a dose for state governments and Rs 1,200 a dose for private hospitals.

As a result, private hospitals started charging anywhere between Rs 1,000 to Rs 2,000 per dose and the rates of vaccination came down.

Also read: Nine Months Later, 25 Takeaways From the World’s COVID-19 Vaccination Programme

After attracting a lot of criticism, the government reverted to the system of centralised procurement of vaccines by the Union government. From June 21, 2021, free vaccines were made available to the 18-44 age group also at the government hospitals.

But 25% of vaccines were reserved for the private sector. Detailed data of vaccines procured by private hospitals are not released by the government. The Hindu obtained data up to August 17, 2021 through a Right to Information application, which was shared by the publication in the public domain. The newspaper has reported that out of a 25% quota, private hospitals took delivery of only 9.5% of vaccines. And even for this, they have not been able to find enough people willing to pay for vaccines. Thus, they used only about 65% of vaccines taken by them from vaccine manufacturers.

Beneficiaries wait in queues to receive COVID-19 vaccine dose at the District Hospital in Mirzapur, Saturday, September 11, 2021. Photo: PTI

It is observed that even though private hospitals can procure 25% of the total supply of vaccines, the actual procurement of vaccines by them as of August 17, 2021 is less than 10% at the all-India level.

For some states like Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha, it is less than 1%. On the other hand, private hospitals in Telangana and Maharashtra have procured more than 25%.

In this article, we try to understand what could be the possible reasons behind such a pattern.

Current trend

Data up to August 17, 2021 show large variation across states in the vaccines procured by the private hospitals.

Figure 1: Share of Vaccine Supplied to Private Hospitals in bottom and top five states since May 2021. Source: RTI filed by The Hindu and PIB press release on May 01, 2021.

Telangana, Maharashtra, Delhi, West Bengal and Karnataka are the top five states with the highest share of vaccines procured by private entities. However, only Telangana and Maharashtra have been able to touch the 25% mark. In contrast to this, in 12 states the share of vaccines lifted by private hospitals is less than 2%. This may not necessarily be a cause of concern, since Himachal Pradesh has been able to vaccinate all of its adult population despite low (0.63%) private vaccine supply.

Affordability of vaccines at private hospitals

Another trend worth noting is that there is a positive correlation between the share of the procurement of vaccines by private hospitals in a state and the state’s per capita income, as seen in ‘Figure 2’ below.

Essentially, the lower the per capita income of a state, the lesser is the share of private hospitals in its vaccination drive. States like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Manipur, Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh not only have the lowest per capita income levels in the country but also have less than 2.5% share in procurement of vaccines by private hospitals. This shows that the purchasing power of people and in turn their demand for paid vaccination affects the number of doses private hospitals assess they will be able to use for vaccinating people by making them pay Rs 780 for Covishield and Rs 1,410 for Covaxin for a single dose.

For two doses of an average family of five, an amount of Rs 7,800 is needed for Covishield and Rs 14,100 for Covaxin. Agricultural households would just not be able to afford it, as the Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households – released only a few days ago – shows. The average income of an agricultural household was only Rs 10,218 per month in the period from July 2018 to June 2019, much before the COVID-19 pandemic hit India. About 40% of this income was from wages. Due to the adverse impact of the pandemic on the informal sector, the income of households would be lower now.

Watch: ‘Impossible to Fully Vaccinate All Adults by End of 2021, Govt’s Mistakes to Blame’

It was unrealistic for the government to assume that there will be sufficient demand for such expensive vaccines in a COVID-19-hit economy in which there have been huge income and job losses.

As a result of poverty and low per capita income in these states, government hospitals have taken the responsibility of vaccinating the population in these states. Booking vaccines in government hospitals was an arduous exercise and only the tech-savvy could book a slot.

Figure 2: Percentage of doses procured by private hospitals from May 1 to August 17, 2021. Source: RTI, CSO 2018-19 (for per capita income at constant prices 2011-12)

Is private supply concentrated in a few cities?

All the top five states with respect to the share of private hospitals in vaccine procurement have a metropolitan city with a large population. It is possible that better ‘lifting’ of vaccines by private hospitals in these states is due to higher per capita income in these cities. For instance, there are 925 private vaccination centres out of 7,452 centres in Maharashtra. Out of these 925, Mumbai, Thane and Pune together have 572 centres, which add up to 61.84% of private vaccination centres in the entire state. Similarly, Kolkata alone has 137 private vaccination centres, which is 44.6% of the 307 private vaccination centres in the entire state. In Telangana, Hyderabad has 74 private vaccination centres, which is 41.8% of private vaccination centres in the entire state. However, this pattern is not seen in Karnataka where only 5% of the private vaccine centres in the state are located in Bangalore.

When the private vaccine centres are concentrated in only a few cities in the country, one cannot expect that the entire 25% share will be lifted by private hospitals. In a report by India Today, the director-general of the Association of Healthcare Providers India (AHPI) states that it is difficult to procure vaccines in small towns because the minimum order of 3,000 doses cannot be easily afforded by mid-size private hospitals. Even in Delhi, having the highest per capita monthly income of Rs 21,747, private hospitals have been able to use only about 45% of vaccines lifted by them from vaccine manufacturers.

Also read: More Evidence on Why the 25% Vaccine Quota for Private Hospitals Should Be Ended

The share of private hospitals in ‘lifting’ vaccines from manufacturers is not just a supply-side issue. The demand for paid vaccines, even if free vaccination is not easily available, is low. Poorer states (in terms of per capita income) have seen lower participation of private hospitals in lifting vaccines. In richer states, private hospitals have taken a higher percentage of vaccines. One reason could be the metropolitan cities in these states. These cities have higher per capita income and it is possible that in these cities, employers may also have paid for vaccination of their employees (including domestic help) in private hospitals.

The data obtained by The Hindu also brings out clearly that in several states, private hospitals have not lifted even 2% of vaccine doses allotted to them.

We see that the government centres are capable of attaining significant vaccine coverage (Himachal Pradesh is a case in point). Since economic recovery and business confidence is dependent on the progress of vaccination, the government should announce a reduction in allocation to private hospitals and increase the supply to vaccination centres run by the government so that free vaccines are easily available to public.

The government would also do well to regularly publish the granular data of vaccination as its analysis by researchers can provide useful suggestions.

Siraj Hussain in Visiting Senior Fellow, ICRIER. Fizza Suhel is a student of MA Economics at South Asian University, New Delhi.

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